IGC Evidence Paper - Energy and environment

This paper examines the relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. It highlights disparities in energy access and the need to improve electricity availability in low- and middle-income countries. Building on our evidence paper from 2021, the paper outlines innovative policies and market reforms to promote sustainable energy consumption and mitigate environmental impacts while supporting economic development. In addition to bringing together the latest evidence, it also highlights key knowledge gaps and suggests areas for future research.

The paper identifies three key questions: 

• How will the poorest billion people gain energy access and the benefits for their welfare?
• How can environmental regulations mitigate local harms in countries with weak enforcement?
• What strategies can low- and middle-income countries adopt to slow greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change?