Improved cookstoves and forest recovery in Rwanda

Policy brief Energy and Sustainable Growth

This study examines whether Rwanda’s large-scale improved cookstove programme reduces deforestation by lowering firewood consumption. Using spatial data and qualitative evidence, it evaluates impacts on forest cover and sustainable household energy use.

  • Rwanda’s Tubeho Neza cookstove program increased forest and non-forest cover in treated areas.
  • The program’s effects were not immediate: gains appeared after a few years, consistent with the time needed for ecological recovery.
  • Forest gains were strongest in areas with better baseline forest conditions. Other areas still became greener, but mainly through non-forest vegetation.
  • Fieldwork suggests that households actively used the stoves, spent less on fuelwood, and relied less on children for firewood collection.
  • Improved cookstoves can contribute to forest growth, but program design, size, monitoring and marketing, and local ecological conditions are critical.